SPATIAL-TEMPORAL EVALUATION OF SUSANITA (Thunbergia alata sims) IN THE INTER-ANDEAN REGION OF ECUADOR UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS, 2025
Keywords:
climate change, inter- Andean region, invasive species, MaxEnt modeling, Thunbergia alataAbstract
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0323
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the space-time distribution of Thunbergia alata Sims (Susanita) in the inter-Andean region of Ecuador under climate change scenarios and futures projections. A mixed methodological approach was applied, integrating validated occurrence records (1,407 observations), bioclimatic variables selected through Pearson correlation analysis, and ecological niche modeling with MaxEnt, using open-source data (GBIF, iNaturalist) and climate projections from MIROC5 and HADGEM2-ES models under RCP 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios. Results showed high predictive performance (AUC > 0.90), confirming the reliability of the model to estimate environmental suitability. Currently, distribution is concentrated in Pichincha, Loja, and Azuay; however, projections indicate expansion towards Imbabura, Cotopaxi, Chimborazo, and Tungurahua, driven by increasing mean temperatures and reduced thermal seasonality. It is concluded that climate change acts as a facilitator of invasion, increasing ecological risk in Andean ecosystems with high biodiversity. The generated information provides a scientific basis to guide early monitoring, ecological restoration, and territorial management, aiming to prevent negative impacts on native biodiversity.
Keywords: climate change, inter- Andean region, invasive species, MaxEnt modeling, Thunbergia alata.
Downloads
References
Ahmadi, M., Hemami, M.-R., Kaboli, M., & Shabani, F. (2023). MaxEnt brings comparable results when the input data are being completed; Model parameterization of four species distribution models. Ecology and Evolution, 13(2), e9827. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9827
Ángel-Vallejo, M. C., Aguirre-Acosta, N., Rodríguez-Rey, G. T., García-Marín, E. J., Álvarez-Mejía, L. M., & Feuillet-Hurtado, C. (2024). Distribution models in invasive plants with climatic niche expansion: A case study of Ulex europaeus L. in Colombian Andes. Biological Invasions, 26(6), 1919-1930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03285-7
Brun, P., Zimmermann, N. E., Hari, C., Pellissier, L., & Karger, D. N. (2022). Global climate-related predictors at kilometer resolution for the past and future. Earth System Science Data, 14(12), 5573-5603. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5573-2022
Cabrera-Cruz, S. A., Aguilar-López, J. L., & Villegas-Patraca, R. (2024). Complementando inventarios biológicos con datos abiertos a través de un método semiautomatizado. Revista de Biología Tropical, 72(1), e56880. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v72i1.56880
Carrillo, J., Lora, B. J., Castrellón Romero, M. G., & Medina Orellano, G. E. (2020). (PDF) Revista Hidrolatinoamericana de Jóvenes Investigadores y Profesionales—Volumen 4 -2020. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343976637_Revista_Hidrolatinoamericana_de_Jovenes_Investigadores_y_Profesionales_-_Volumen_4_-2020
Carvajal, E., Gutiérrez, D., & Ledesma, R. (2020). Plantas exóticas naturalizadas con potencial de invasoras en zonas periurbanas del Alta Amazonia Ecuatoriana. Ciencia y Tecnología, 13(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.18779/cyt.v13i1.354
Fernández, G. (2021). (PDF) Determinación de áreas prioritarias para la adaptación al cambio climático mediante clasificaciones climáticas. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369362195_Determinacion_de_areas_prioritarias_para_la_adaptacion_al_cambio_climatico_mediante_clasificaciones_climaticas
Fuentes-Lillo, E., Lembrechts, J. J., Barros, A., Aschero, V., Bustamante, R. O., Cavieres, L. A., Clavel, J., Herrera, I., Jiménez, A., Tecco, P., Hulme, P. E., Núñez, M. A., Rozzi, R., García, R. A., Simberloff, D., Nijs, I., & Pauchard, A. (2023). Going up the Andes: Patterns and drivers of non-native plant invasions across latitudinal and elevational gradients. Biodiversity and Conservation, 32(13), 4199-4219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02697-6
Gabel, N. H., Wise, R. R., & Rogers, G. K. (2021). Distribution of cystoliths in the leaves of Acanthaceae and its effect on leaf surface anatomy. Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.65.03.07
González, L., & Angamarca, E. (2025, julio 4). (PDF) Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims, potencial amenaza para la biodiversidad en la hoya de Loja. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20616.53760
González-Trujillo, J. D., Alagador, D., González-del-Pliego, P., & Araújo, M. B. (2024). Exposure of protected areas in Central America to extreme weather events. Conservation Biology, 38(4), e14251. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14251
González-Trujillo, J. D., Escobar-Alba, M. R., Lara, D. E., & Carvajal-C, J. E. (2024). Mapping the threat: Projecting invasive plant distribution in the tropical Andes under climate change. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 22(4), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2024.11.002
Gutiérrez, E., Trejo, I., Gutiérrez, E., & Trejo, I. (2023). Aplicación de diferentes tipos de datos en el modelado de la distribución de especies arbóreas en México. Colombia Forestal, 26(1), 48-63. https://doi.org/10.14483/2256201x.19392
Herrera, I., Vargas, A., Rizzo, K., Panchana, K., Freire, E., & Espinoza, B. (2022). PLANTAS EXÓTICAS INVASORAS DEL ECUADOR CONTINENTAL (Primera, septiembre 2022, Vol. 1). Primera, septiembre 2022.
Iseli, E., Chisholm, C., Lenoir, J., Haider, S., Seipel, T., Barros, A., Hargreaves, A. L., Kardol, P., Lembrechts, J. J., McDougall, K., Rashid, I., Rumpf, S. B., Arévalo, J. R., Cavieres, L., Daehler, C., Dar, P. A., Endress, B., Jakobs, G., Jiménez, A., … Alexander, J. M. (2023). Rapid upwards spread of non-native plants in mountains across continents. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7(3), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01979-6
Larrea, D., Mina, L., Areco, F., & Valle, N. (2025, agosto 27). (PDF) Estadística Para Estudios Ecológicos: Un Enfoque Práctico Utilizando R. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394937795_Estadistica_Para_Estudios_Ecologicos_Un_Enfoque_Practico_Utilizando_R
Lembrechts, J. J., van den Hoogen, J., Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M. B., De Frenne, P., Kemppinen, J., Kopecký, M., Luoto, M., Maclean, I. M. D., Crowther, T. W., Bailey, J. J., Haesen, S., Klinges, D. H., Niittynen, P., Scheffers, B. R., Van Meerbeek, K., Aartsma, P., Abdalaze, O., Abedi, M., … Lenoir, J. (2022). Global maps of soil temperature. Global Change Biology, 28(9), 3110-3144. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16060
Liao, D., Zhou, B., Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Su, Q., & Yan, X. (2025). MaxEnt Modeling of the Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on the Potential Distribution of Plantago in China. Biology, 14(5), 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14050564
Mendieta Oviedo, R., & Méndez González, J. (2022). Nicho ecológico y distribución de tres especies de agave en México: Un enfoque bajo escenarios de cambio climático. http://repositorio.uaaan.mx:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/49299
Mengistu, A. G., Tesfuhuney, W. A., Woyessa, Y. E., & Steyn, A. S. (2023). Potential distribution of selected invasive alien plants under current and future climate change scenarios in South Africa. Heliyon, 9(9), e19867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19867
Noboa Basantes, M. A. (2021). Características de la recampesinización agroecológica en Los Andes Ecuatorianos: Casos de la Sierra Norte. Estudios Rurales, 11(22), 8.
Quijano-Abril, M. A., Castaño-López, M. de los Á., Marín-Henao, D., Sánchez-Gómez, D., Rojas-Villa, J. M., & Sierra-Escobar, J. (2021). Functional traits of invasive species Thunbergia alata (Acanthaceae) and its importance in the adaptation to Andean forests. Acta Botanica Mexicana, 128, 1-23.
Ramírez Uribe, L. (2020). Biología reproductiva sexual de la planta invasora ojo de poeta (Thunbergia alata) en una población de bosque andino en el Valle del Cauca. http://hdl.handle.net/11522/1879
Rodríguez, J., & Baquero, L. (2020). Agricultura de precisión en el mundo y en Colombia: Revisión bibliográfica.
Romero, M. Á. V., Chitiva, L. C., Bravo-Chaucanés, C. P., Hernández, A. X., Parra-Giraldo, C. M., & Costa, G. (2023). Black-eyed Susan vine (Thunbergia alata): Evaluation of chemical and antifungal potential for an invasive plant species in Colombia. Universitas Scientiarum, 28(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.SC282.besv
Soley-Guardia, M., Alvarado-Serrano, D. F., & Anderson, R. P. (2024). Top ten hazards to avoid when modeling species distributions: A didactic guide of assumptions, problems, and recommendations. Ecography, 2024(4), e06852. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06852
Tesfamariam, B. G., Gessesse, B., & Melgani, F. (2022). MaxEnt-based modeling of suitable habitat for rehabilitation of Podocarpus forest at landscape-scale. Environmental Systems Research, 11(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-022-00248-6
Valavi, R., Elith, J., Lahoz-Monfort, J., & Guillera-Arroita, G. (2023). Flexible species distribution modelling methods perform well on spatially separated testing data—Valavi—2023—Global Ecology and Biogeography—Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13639
Valderrama Molina, M. A. (2024). Evaluación toxicológica del extracto etanólico de la especie Thunbergia alata mediante el bioensayo general de letalidad en Artemia salina. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/12132
Vistín, D. A., Salas, E. M., Balseca, J. E., & Lara, N. X. (2023). Distribución potencial de Polylepis incana en los Andes ecuatorianos para estudios de fisiología vegetal y planes de rehabilitación forestal. Ecología Austral, 33(1), 001-012. https://doi.org/10.25260/EA.23.33.1.0.1991
Wang, H., Ma, X., Hu, Q., & Yang, M. (2025). (PDF) The Ecological Risks and Invasive Potential of Introduced Ornamental Plants in China. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091361
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Scientific Journal INGENIAR: Engineering, Technology and Research

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.












