Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0321

EMULACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA HÍBRIDO DE MICROGENERACIÓN CON

ALMACENAMIENTO E INYECCIÓN A RED

EMULATION OF A HYBRID MICRO-GENERATION WITH STORAGE

SYSTEM AND GRID INJECTION

1

2

Guamani Ronny Santiago ; Quinatoa-Caiza Carlos ; Vaca Jimmy Roberto

1

University Technical of Cotopaxi, Department of Electrical Engineering. Latacunga, Ecuador.

Correo: carlos.quinatoa7864@utc.edu.ec.

2

Japan University Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering. Santo Domingo, Ecuador.

Resumen

Esta investigación muestra la simulación de una microrred híbrida con generación distribuida,

sistema de almacenamiento y suministro de energía a la red, utilizando Simulink como medio. El

objetivo es demostrar la viabilidad de incorporar recursos renovables, como la energía solar

fotovoltaica y las baterías, en un sistema de baterías para alimentar una carga de 100 kW y

gestionar los excedentes de una red de 440 V - 200 kVA. En este contexto, se creó un modelo

que fusiona un sistema fotovoltaico de 85,2 kW, una batería de 6 kW y un sistema de baterías

de 10 kWh, conectados mediante convertidores CC/CC y CC/CA. La simulación considera

condiciones de operación típicas, incluyendo una irradiación solar de 1000 W/m². Se examinan

variables fundamentales de la electricidad, como el voltaje, la corriente y la potencia, además del

flujo de hidrógeno y la eficiencia del sistema en diferentes situaciones. Además, los resultados

obtenidos indican que, tras un breve período de transición, el sistema alcanza un estado estable

con tensiones trifásicas promedio de 506,27 V, corrientes de 2,69 A y una potencia activa

promedio de 1308,58 W. Estas circunstancias facilitan una operación confiable y técnicamente

adecuada para suministrar energía a la red. La onda sinusoidal, la estabilidad de las variables y

la adecuada gestión del almacenamiento corroboran la viabilidad del modelo sugerido como una

respuesta energética sostenible y escalable.

Palabras clave: Microrred híbrida, Generación distribuida, Energía fotovoltaica, Pila de

combustible, Almacenamiento de energía, Inyección a la red.

Abstract

This research shows the simulation of a hybrid microgrid with distributed generation, storage

system and energy supply to the grid, using Simulink as a medium. The objective is to

demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating renewable resources, such as solar photovoltaic

energy and batteries, in a battery system, in order to feed a 100-kW load and manage surpluses

to a 440 V - 200 kVA grid. In this context, a model was created that merges an 85.2 kW PV

system, a 6-kW battery and a 10-kWh battery system, connected through DC/DC and DC/AC

converters. The simulation takes into account typical operating conditions, including a solar

irradiation of 1000 W/m2. Fundamental variables of electricity such as voltage, current and power

are examined, in addition to hydrogen flow and system efficiency in different situations.

Furthermore, the results obtained indicate that, after a short transition period, the system reaches

a stable state with average three-phase voltages of 506.27 V, currents of 2.69 A and an average

active power of 1308.58 W. These circumstances facilitate reliable and technically appropriate

operation to supply power into the grid. The sine wave, the stability of the variables and the

adequate storage management corroborate the feasibility of the suggested model as a

sustainable and scalable energy response.

Keywords: Hybrid microgrid, Distributed generation, Photovoltaic energy, Fuel cell, Energy

storage, Grid injection.

Información del manuscrito:

Fecha de recepción: 13 de octubre de 2025.

Fecha de aceptación: 18 de diciembre de 2025.

Fecha de publicación: 12 de enero de 2026.

2

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Guamani et al. (2026)

1. Introduction

which requires a comprehensive

study of a hybrid microgeneration

system with storage and grid

The main challenge facing the world

today is to minimize dependence on

fossil fuels, a problem that can be

mitigated by supporting renewable

energies. Clean energy sources are

expected to replace fossil fuels, not

only because they are ecologically

friendly (less CO2), but also because

these energies are not only

renewable, but also inexhaustible [1].

It is vital to look for techniques that

improve the efficiency of these clean

energies, but it is also vital to

maintain an adequate connection

between the renewable generator

and the main connection system. In

recent years, the need for electricity

for commercial and industrial loads in

urban and rural areas has grown

exponentially [2]. Electrical energy

can be produced from a variety of

environmentally friendly sources,

such as solar photovoltaics, wind

power and fuel cells. These energy

sources can effectively meet the

energy needs of residential and

interconnection

capabilities

to

effectively meet these upcoming

challenges [1]. Current research

highlights the incorporation of a

photovoltaic (PV) microinverter into a

hybrid energy storage system

(HESS), which fuses batteries and

high-density capacitors. As a result,

efficient energy management in the

microgrid was simplified through the

use of advanced control techniques,

such as real-time impedance

modification, which contributes to

improved power flow management

[3]. In addition, an alternative study

proposes a prototype hydrogen-

oriented hybrid microgrid that

combines solar and wind energy with

hydrogen storage, with the objective

of maximizing electrical energy

absorption and fostering self-reliance

through

electrical energy absorption and

fostering self-reliance through

adaptive

maximizing

adaptive control techniques [3]. In

addition, a microgrid employing

energy conservation and generation

systems effectively reduces power

variations and prolongs battery

durability [4].

commercial

professionally

installed.

communities

designed

when

and

Currently, the global landscape is on

the verge of undergoing significant

transformations in electricity usage,

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Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

This study highlights the enormous

potential of hybrid microgrid systems

to increase energy security linked to

the grid. In particular, it has been

shown that the incorporation of

batteries and ultracapacitors, linked

to virtual impedance control, is an

effective tactic to manage these

components in hybrid microgrids [1].

Simulations performed with Simulink

have demonstrated the effectiveness

of these procedures and have

highlighted the advantages of a

hydrogen-based microgrid, which

promotes high self-control in solar

and wind energy conservation [5]. A

microgrid prototype including solar

hybrid microgrids faces the challenge

of effectively merging renewable

energy sources, such as solar and

wind, together with conservation

systems, thus ensuring balance and

efficiency in the face of variations. It

is crucial to develop sophisticated

control algorithms to optimize energy

management and extend the

durability of the components. Despite

the advances in simulation with

Simulink [7], obstacles persist for the

effective implementation of these

technologies. This project seeks to

solve these challenges through the

development of simulation models

and optimization algorithms, with the

objective of increasing the safety and

efficiency of hybrid microgrids in

various operating situations [8].

Simulink, a pioneer in complex

system modeling and transient

photovoltaic panels,

a

power

generator and a battery storage

system has been implemented. In

comparison, the simulation of hybrid

wind and photovoltaic microgrids in

the

PSCAD/EMTDC

program

configuration

analysis,

can

includes a battery management

effectively simulate a hybrid system

that includes grid connectivity, solar

power, fuel cells (FC), and BESS [9].

Figure 1 describes the fundamental

design of a Hybrid Power Generation

System along with its fundamental

elements.

strategy

aimed

and

at

promoting

autonomy

synchronized

interaction with the grid. In the grid-

tied application, the battery system

regulates

voltage

levels

and

decreases power variations, while in

stand-alone operation, the microgrid

is quickly disconnected through a

battery via P/V and Q/F adjustment

mechanisms [6]. The evolution of

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Guamani et al. (2026)

Fig. 1. Fundamental design of a hybrid generation system.

In remote areas, it is vital to

guarantee a power supply. This

involves linking the solar power

array. This scheme promotes

maximum utilization to increase the

efficiency of solar energy conversion

and energy transfer between the

solar energy source and the main

over a 24-hour period of operation

[12], which is crucial for

understanding dynamic operations.

In this scenario [13], a microgrid

testbed can be set up to group these

power sources and ensure stable

operation in case of failure or

disturbance, applicable in both grid-

system

[7].

A

sophisticated

optimization

connected

and

stand-alone

framework

of

operation modes [14]. To optimize

the performance of microgrids,

various control tactics and algorithms

are used, focusing particularly on

battery management and power

distribution. An energy management

system (EMS) plays a crucial role in

this optimization effort, since it

structures energy resources and

loads in a systematic way to enhance

efficiency and economy [15].

mathematical algorithms has been

developed for the operational

monitoring of a hybrid energy

complex,

where

a

hydrogen

generator is employed as a viable

energy alternative. The efficiency of

the system have been confirmed by

extensive calculations [10], which

facilitated the efficient simulation of a

microgrid

connections, fuel, solar photovoltaic

PV) systems and batteries, using

incorporating

grid

A

sophisticated particle swarm

(

optimization algorithm was used to

address optimization models linked

to microgrid management, thus

achieving effective integration of

demand response strategies for load

sophisticated simulation software

such as Simulink [11]. The microgrid

simulation framework provides a

comprehensive basis for evaluating

various energy sources and loads

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Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

regulation. A framework for capacity

configuration of photovoltaic (PV)

systems, including energy storage

and hydrogen solutions, was

proposed and its validity was

confirmed by case simulations and

the study of optimization techniques

direct current (DC) microgrid [14].

This demonstrates that this

framework protects any power

source and thus maintains excellent

stabilization under various load

conditions; therefore, it is advisable

to use sophisticated control methods

for hybrid microgrids, favoring the

assimilation of renewable energy

along with storage [19].

[

16]. An academic study using

Simulink for analysis and simulation

purposes focuses on energy

management and performance

2. Model

of

hybrid

evaluation, evidencing that the

incorporation of battery storage

microgeneration system with

storage system

significantly

operational efficiency of the solar

photovoltaic (SPV) microgrid,

increases

the

The model presented as an example

in Figure 2 is a basic emulation

model of a micro-generation hybrid.

This model integrates various energy

sources, storage, and an electrical

load, which simplifies the analysis of

the operation of a complex energy

system. Key elements include a fuel

cell that generates energy through

chemistry, a 25-kW photovoltaic that

converts solar energy into direct

current (DC), and a 10-kWh energy

reservoir to ensure grid stability. The

generating remarkable power and

fast response times, which favors the

prolongation of the battery lifetime

[

17]. In addition, the integrated

terminal sliding mode control

ITSMC) for switching voltage source

inverter (VSI), tested in the Simulink

framework [2], obtained

(

a

remarkable 97% efficiency in

capturing solar energy for grid

integration, effectively reducing the

variations

caused

by

high

energy

exchange

between

temperatures [18]. A simulation

model designed in the Simulink

renewable energy sources, the

storage system, and the central

power system is made simpler by the

interconnection of the components

via DC/AC converters, transformers,

and transmission lines [20].

environment a

maximum power point tracking

MPPT) supervisor, whose objective

is to guarantee the stability of the

incorporates

(

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Guamani et al. (2026)

Fig. 2. The fundamental parts of a hybrid system.

The model features a 200 kVA

transformer that connects the

microgrid to the larger grid, allowing

the import or export of energy as

needed. In addition, it has a 100-kW

capacity that replicates the needs of

an urban area. This simulation

analyzes the management of energy

flow in the microgrid. This process

involves examining the dynamic

reaction of the system to variations in

energy production or consumption,

and experimenting with control

tactics, such as optimal energy

emission. It also facilitates analysis

of the efficient incorporation of

renewable resources and on-line

storage technologies [21].

Finally, the model incorporates

sensors to measure essential

variables such as voltages V_abc,

currents I_abc and powers P_abc,

which simplifies the system analysis.

These calculations are essential for

the elaboration and validation of

control algorithms, guaranteeing

stability in the operations and

optimizing the energy performance of

the microgrid. These simulations are

useful tools for the creation of

sustainable energy networks [22]. A

general study of the essential

elements is presented here in Table

1:

TABLE I. FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS AND PARTICULARITIES OF MICROGENERATION

Category

Generating

Sources

Component

Stack of Fuel Cells

Description

Provides a hydrogen-based energy source

Photovoltaic Array (PV

Array 25 kW)

Converts solar energy into direct current

(DC)

Energy Storage

10 kWh Battery

Stores energy to increase grid stability and

withstand load variations

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Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

DC/DC Converters

Regulates the voltage and electricity

produced by the renewable energy and

storage system

Energy

Conversion

DC/AC Converter

Converts DC energy into AC for load

application or grid administration

Represents the use of the microgrid

Charging and Grid

Connection

100 kW Power Supply

Interconnection with

Power Grid (440 V, 200

kVA)

Facilitates energy supply to the grid in

situations of overproduction

Where 푥_퐻is measured in mole/s,

A. PEM Fuel Cell System Mode

while 퐼 refers to the current present

ꢀ

To regulate the fuel storage voltage,

it is crucial to consider the dynamism

at the ends of the electrodes.

To calculate the energy in hydrogen,

equation 2 is used.

model.

For some years now,

researchers have developed PEM

fuel storage devices, as shown in

Figure 3. Therefore, the above

models will be used [23].

퐿표푎푑

퐸_퐻₂= _휂_퐹_푐

(2)

Load symbolizes the maximum and

minimum energy accumulation in

kWh, while η_퐹_퐶represents the fuel

efficiency of the fuel to be loaded

Fig. 3. Design of a fuel cell.

[11].

Next, the theoretical model of a PEM

fuel cell for voltage, power and

efficiency generation is presented.

Equation 3 can establish the stress

produced.

푈 = 푈^ꢁ^푈푎푐푡 ^ꢁ^푈표ℎ푚 ^ꢁ^푈푐표푛푐

푠

푡ℎ

Equation 1 is used to determine the

hydrogen production rate [11].

(3)

^F^o^r^t^hⁱ^s^m^o^d^e^l^,^t^h^e^t^h^e^o^r^e^tⁱ^c^a^l^U푡ℎ

푥_퐻= 5,18 ∗ 푒⁻⁶∗ 퐼_ꢀ

(1)

stress is determined from equation 4.

It is necessary to consider the

temperature variations in relation to

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Guamani et al. (2026)

the reference temperature [24].

modules and each module includes

cells. It is essential to apply equation

7 for the dynamic current output [26].

∆

푆_ꢃ

푈 = 1,ꢂꢂ97 + (푇 ꢁ ꢂ98,15)

푡ℎ

+

푛퐹

푅ꢄ

푛퐹

푃ꢆ_ꢇ∗ 푃ꢃ_ꢇ ꢈ/ꢇ

푃_ꢃ_ꢈ_/_ꢇ

푙ꢅ(

) (4)

퐼 = 푁 ∗ 퐼 ꢁ 푁 ∗ 퐼 ∗

푝

푝ℎ

푝

표

ꢐ

ꢔꢌ

ꢒꢓ∗

ꢑꢌ

ꢑꢕ

ꢖ ꢁ 1] ꢁ 퐼_푠_ℎ(7)

Where T represents the operating

[푒푥ꢎ ꢏ

푛 ∗ 푉_ꢍ

temperature of the cell, ΔS refers to

푂

the entropy change of the liquid

water application under standard

situations of experiment with the

N refers to the number of parallel

푝

cells and N to the number of cells in

푠

series, U represents the voltage of

each cell. To determine the power

value of -0.1634 KJ/k/mol,

ꢅ

represents the number of electrons

per mole (n=2), F is the Faraday

constant (96485.309 C/mol), and R is

the general measure of the gas

source I , equation 8 is required to

푝ℎ

be applied [27].

^ꢓ푟

퐼_푝_ℎ= ꢗ퐼 + 퐾 (푇 ꢁ ꢂ98)ꢙ ∗

푠ℎ

ꢘ

ꢚꢛꢛꢛ

(8.31451 J/K/mol) [25].

(8)

With the calculation of the U voltage,

푠

I_푠_푐symbolizes the cut-off current (A),

it is possible to determine the power

of the fuel cell using ohm's law

K describes the cell cut-off current at

ꢘ

25 °C at a solar irradiation of 1000

(equation 5):

W/m2, T refers to the operating

^t^e^m^p^e^r^a^t^u^r^eⁱⁿ^K^e^l^vⁱⁿ⁽^K⁾^aⁿ^d^Iꢜ

ꢉ

푝푐

= 퐼_푝_푐∗ 푈_푠

(5)

refers to the solar irradiation in

Where I_푝_푐is set by the fuel cell

W/m2.

manufacturer's specifications.

To calculate the efficiency of the

solar PV system, it is essential to

Equation 6 is used to calculate the

^f^u^e^l^c^e^l^l^e^f^fⁱ^cⁱ^eⁿ^c^y^η푝푣^.

know the input power Q , for which

ꢘ푛

equation 9 is used [4].

ꢋ_ꢌ

ꢊ_푠_푡_푎_푐_푘= 0,83 ∗ _ꢋ

(6)

ꢍꢆ

푄_ꢘ_푛= 퐼 ∗ ꢝ ∗ 훼

푎푏푠

(9)

ꢜ

푝

B. Photovoltaic Solar Panel

System

I_ꢜrepresents the solar irradiance in

W/m², S represents the surface area

푝

Solar panels are composed of

of the solar PV panel and 훼_푎_푏_푠is the

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Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

global absorption coefficient [29].

power entering the inverter and the

power extracted from it. Inverters

always suffer losses during

By obtaining the two powers Q and

ꢘ푛

P_푝_푣, efficiency can be established

conversion, so it is necessary to

consider the manufacturer's data

[11].

using equation 10.

ꢞ_ꢟ_ꢠ

ꢊ_푝_푣= _푃

(10)

ꢕꢡ

To calculate such output inverter

power, equation 13 is used.

C. Battery Power Supply and

Disconnecting System.

ꢉ_ꢘ_푛_푣₋_ꢘ_푝ꢊ_ꢘ_푛_푣= ꢉ_ꢘ_푛_푣₋_표_푝

(13)

The batteries are intended to store

the surplus energy circulating

through the voltage controller, in

addition to saving, they are

responsible for maintaining the

voltage in the determined range and,

E. Efficiency of the Hybrid System

Finally, to obtain the energy

conversion efficiency of the solar

panel system as a fuel cell system,

equation 14 is applied [26].

consequently,

safeguard

and

the

discharge

rates

prevent

ꢊ_푠_ℎ= (ꢉ_푝_푣+ ꢉ )/(퐼 ∗ ꢝ ) (14)

푝푐

ꢜ

푝

overloading [30].

In addition, the global flow of each

numerical iteration of the

During the charging period, the

relationship between voltage and

current is exemplified by equation 11.

microgeneration model is presented,

which is represented from equation 1

to equation 14.

ꢤ,ꢈꢥꢦ

ꢓꢣ

ꢪ

ꢈ,ꢈ4ꢇ ꢧ ꢌꢃꢨ ꢩ ꢔ

ꢟ

ꢢ = ꢢ +

+ (ꢫꢬꢭ ꢁ

ꢜ

퐴퐻

It begins with the introduction of the

ꢓ

0

,9)푙ꢅ ꢮ300 + 1ꢯ (11)

parameters

required

for

the

퐴퐻

calculation of the microgeneration

model. After the introduction of these

parameters, each of the equations

mentioned above is solved.

Where ꢢ is set by equation 12.

ꢜ

ꢢ_ꢜ= ꢂ,9ꢰ (1,0 ꢁ 0,001 (푇 ꢁ

ꢂ5°ꢱ ))

(12)

From equation 1 to 6, the fuel cell

D. System Inverter

power energy

includes

the

The properties are defined by the

conversion process to determine the

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Guamani et al. (2026)

mass of hydrogen, energy storage.

Equations 7 to 10 allow us to obtain

the power output of the solar PV

panel system, Equations 11 and 12

provide us with the charging and

discharging voltage of the system

batteries, Equation 13 helps us to

obtain the AC current for our system,

and finally, Equation 14 determines

the efficiency of the hybrid system.

B. Fuel Cell Data

The fuel cell has a maximum power

of 8325 W and a nominal power of

5998.5 W, operating with high

efficiency due to its low internal

resistance and a Nernst voltage of

1.1288 V. It employs hydrogen and

oxygen with efficiencies of 99.56 %

and 59.3 %, respectively.

The system sustains constant fuel

and air consumption, with an

operating temperature of 338 K. Its

design facilitates a broad spectrum of

air and fuel flow, which is essential

3

. Validation

of

the

hybrid

microgeneration system with

storage system

for variable applications.

These

A. PV Array Data

properties make it perfect for high-

efficiency hybrid power systems, as

shown in Table 3 [25].

Table 2 shows the key parameters of

the 85.2 kW PV system during the

simulation

of

a

hybrid

TABLE III. FUEL CELL CHARACTERISTICS

microgeneration. It incorporates 300

parallel strings, open circuit voltage

Parameter

Stack power rating

Maximum stack

power

Value

5998.5

8325

Unit

W

(36.3 V), short circuit current (7.84 A)

Internal resistance

Nernst voltage per

cell

Nominal utilization

H₂

Nominal utilization

O₂

Nominal fuel

consumption

Nominal air

0.07833

1.1288

Ω

V

and operating parameters at

maximum power, fundamental to

assessing its performance.

99.56

59.3

%

TABLE II. PV ARRAY CHARACTERISTICS

60.38

143.7

0.29197

slpm

A

Parameter

PV array full power (kW)

Open circuit voltage Voc (V)

Short circuit current Isc (A)

Maximum power point

voltage Vmp (V)

Value

85.2

36.3

7.84

consumption

Exchange current

(i₀)

Exchange ratio (α)

Composition H₂

Composition O₂

Nominal fuel flow

Maximum fuel flow

Nominal air flow

Maximum air flow

System

0.60645

99.95

21

50.06

84.5

300

506.4

338

—

%

lpm

K

2

9

Maximum power point

current Imp (A)

7

.35

Parallel strings

300

3

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Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

temperature

TABLE IV. BATTERY DATA

Fuel pressure

1.5

1

bar

(

푷_풇_풖_풆_풍

Presión del aire

푷_풂_풊_풓

)

Parameter

Nominal voltage

Nominal capacity

Initial state of

charge

Value

48

2100

95

Unit

V

Ah

%

(

)

Rated discharge

current

913.04

A

C. Battery Data

Internal resistance 0.00022857 Ohm

Table 4 summarizes the most

relevant parameters configured in

the battery model in Simulink. The

nominal voltage is 48 V, suitable for

energy storage systems in residential

or industrial applications. A high

nominal capacity of 2100 Ah

indicates a high autonomy.

D. Modeling of the Simulation

Figure 4 presents the fundamental

elements of a hybrid microgeneration

system with storage system. This

schematic shows the connection of

each of the components, starting

from the solar PV panel, which is

The initial state of charge of 95%

suggests that the battery starts

almost fully charged. The rated

discharge current of more than 900 A

reflects its ability to supply under

demanding conditions. Finally, the

extremely low internal resistance

ensures high efficiency in energy

delivery, minimizing heat losses.

linked to a charge controller.

The

charge controller plays an essential

role in the energy management of the

system. One of its primary tasks is to

protect the battery bank from

overcharging, ensuring that its output

voltage remains within a safe range.

If the voltage exceeds the allowable

limit, the controller will disconnect the

load to prevent damage to the

system.

Fig. 4. Simulink is a general model of microgrid.

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Guamani et al. (2026)

In addition, the charge controller

controls the current to the battery. If

the solar panel provides excessively

low current, the system will also

disconnect the load until conditions

In the simulation, a DC/AC converter

is already present, whose function is

to convert the energy obtained from

the batteries and the fuel tank into

alternating current. It is crucial to

ensure that the configuration of this

inverter enables 120 V output, so that

the power can be used in a

household.

are re-established.

When the

voltage and current return to

appropriate levels, the controller will

re-enable the system connection,

ensuring efficient and safe operation

If the simulation still does not show

this process accurately, it would be

imperative to add an electrolyzer

block that receives power from the

battery and fuel storage. In addition,

it is necessary to ensure that the

inverter operates properly to produce

the 120 V AC output.

[

31].

The Simulink simulation shows that

the system is made up of a DC/AC

converter, a 6-kW battery, and a 10-

kWh battery bank. It is necessary to

verify how these elements relate to

one another and make certain

adjustments in order to adapt the

simulation to the given text. The

batteries need to be linked to the

electrolyzer, allowing them to supply

power until they reach their

discharge limit. This will ensure that

the electrolysis system operates

constantly, producing hydrogen to

supply fuel to the cell. Both the

battery and the fuel container

operate on direct current (DC), which

is in accordance with the system

E. Applied Methodology of the

Microgrid

In Figure 5, the energy source data is

entered, which includes the PV

system, fuel storage, battery, grid

and load. Then, the generation is

modeled using the solar panels and

the fuel cell [16].

specification.

To

achieve

an

alternating current (AC) output with a

nominal voltage of 120 V, the system

requires the presence of an inverter.

3

6

Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

Fig. 5. Methodology Applied in the Simulation.

Then, energy transformation is

performed through the DC/DC and

DC/AC converters to achieve the

required energy type. With this data,

the power calculation is performed

taking into account voltage, current

and efficiency.

determined and the results achieved

are displayed.

4. Results of the microgeneration

system

This section presents the study of the

graphs generated through simulation

in the Simulink program, linked to the

The evaluation of the system

conditions is then carried out. If the

load requirement is not met, the

battery or the supply from the grid is

emulation model of

microgeneration with storage system

and grid injection. The system

a

hybrid

started.

If surplus energy is

consists of an 85.2 kW photovoltaic

system, a 6-kW fuel source and a 10-

kWh storage system. All these

elements operate synchronously to

produced, it is stored in battery

storage or supplied to the grid.

Finally, the performance indices are

3

7

Guamani et al. (2026)

ensure the supply of electricity to a

horizontal axis, with a scale from 0 to

0.5 seconds, while the voltage is

shown on the vertical axis, which

oscillates approximately between -

100-kW load and the management of

surplus to the 440 V - 200 kVA grid.

A study of the system’s behavior

under normal operating conditions is

carried out, taking into account

irradiance levels of 1000 W/m2. In

this research, voltage, current and

power parameters are analyzed in

the different stages of energy

transformation, in addition to the

effect of solar radiation variability on

8

00 V and 800 V.

In the first 0.05 seconds, the signal

shows a transient behavior with

oscillations of large amplitude,

reaching peaks exceeding 700 V.

This indicates that, during system

start-up

or

during

source

synchronization, the voltage may

vary before the system achieves

stability.

the system performance.

It is

assumed that the fuel cell functions

as a backup in case the primary

generation is insufficient.

After 0.1 seconds, the oscillations

start to decrease, and a more

consistent sinusoidal signal is

perceived. This behavior suggests

that the microgrid has managed to

remain in a steady state, with

maximum and minimum values close

to ± 600 V, which could be equivalent

to a system with an effective voltage

of about 440 V. This behavior signals

that the microgrid has managed to

synchronize with the distribution grid

and that the DC/AC conversion of the

inverters is working properly.

Additionally, the behavior of the

hydrogen flow in the fuel cell and the

efficiency of the energy storage are

analyzed. A crucial element of the

research is the assessment of the

data based on domestic loads,

without considering special loads.

For a better understanding of the

findings, tables with the technical

characteristics of the equipment

used in the study will be provided.

A. Voltage at Load

It is vital to emphasize that the quality

of the voltage at the first transient can

affect system stability and cause grid

disturbances. To mitigate this effect,

more robust control tactics in

The simulation depicts, in Figure 6,

the change of the three-phase

voltage as time elapses in the hybrid

microgrid. The time is shown on the

3

8

Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

inverters and energy storage could

be examined.

Fig. 6. Microgrid on-load voltage

B. Current Intensity in the Load

stable frequency, signaling that the

system has reached a steady state

after startup. Although the current

follows the pattern of the voltage, it is

crucial to examine the relationship

between the two to establish whether

there are phase shifts, harmonics or

other events that may influence the

efficiency of power injection into the

grid.

The simulation in Figure 7 shows the

behavior of the voltage and current

signals as time passes, which

facilitates the analysis of the stability

and quality of power in the microgrid.

The time is located on the horizontal

axis and fluctuates between 0 and

0.5 seconds.

In the first 0.05

seconds,

a

transient stage is

In the steady state (after 0.1

second), both current and voltage

exhibit periodic oscillation, indicating

that the inverter control system is

operating properly to control the

power conversion. To enhance the

stability and quality of the power

supplied to the grid, sophisticated

control tactics, such as the

perceived, characterized by large

amplitude oscillations in both voltage

and voltage. This behavior is typical

of systems where there is a

synchronization process between

the energy sources and the grid, as

in the connection of inverters or in the

supply of energy from the storage

system.

implementation

of

predictive

With respect to the current, initial

variations can be observed that later

consolidate into a sine wave with

controllers or active filters, could be

applied to help reduce harmonics

3

9

Guamani et al. (2026)

and optimize synchronization with

the grid.

when a generation source starts

supplying electricity to the grid or

when there is a drastic variation in

demand.

C. Power in the Load

The simulation in Figure 8 describes

the progression of the current

From 0.1 seconds, the system enters

a steady state where the current

stabilizes in a frequency-invariant

sine wave. The range is sustained at

around 1000 to 1500 units, indicating

that the system has achieved a

overtime in

a

microgeneration

system. It is possible to distinguish

two fundamental phases in the

behavior of the current: an initial

transient stage and a subsequent

stationary stage.

stable operating regime.

The

waveform has a regular shape and

appears to be properly synchronized,

indicating that the inverter control

and storage strategy are operating

properly.

During the transient phase, which

occurs around 0 to 0.1 seconds, an

accelerated increase in current is

noted. During the first 0.05 seconds,

there is a peak that reaches figures

close to 2500 units (probably in

amperes or milliamps, depending on

the scale used in the simulation).

However,

there

and

that

First, the control

are

some

observations

improvements

implemented.

possible

could

be

Then, the current oscillates with a

slight decrease in amplitude,

indicating that the system is adapting

to the new operating situation. This

momentary behavior is distinctive

system could be refined to minimize

the initial peak current, since high

values can cause stress on the

electrical elements.

Fig. 7. Current intensity in the load in the microgrid.

4

0

Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

Additionally, it would be advisable to

carry out a study of the signal quality

to confirm the existence of harmonics

that could influence the efficiency of

power management.

With the results achieved, it is

technically feasible to supply power

to the grid. The average active

power of 1308.58 W, although low, is

a valuable contribution in the

framework of distributed generation,

particularly in residential or small-

scale commercial uses. The average

three-phase voltage of 506.27 V and

current of 2.69 A indicate operation

suitable for the low-voltage grid.

Finally, if the system has an inverter,

modifying its regulation could help to

smooth the synchronization process

with the grid and minimize possible

oscillations in the transient regime.

Fig. 8. Power in the microgrid load.

5

. Discussion

symmetrical sinusoidal signal

with an effective amplitude

reaching 500 V, demonstrating

proper synchronization with the

power grid.

The dynamics of the system in

relation to three-phase voltage,

current and power are shown below.

•

Figure 7 shows the three-phase

current that has been injected.

Similarly to the voltage, the

current undergoes a small initial

oscillation before reaching a

steady state. Once the transient

•

Figure 6 shows the temporal

development of the three-phase

voltage at the inverter output. In

the first milliseconds (about 0 to

0.05 seconds), a transient state,

common during system startup,

is manifested. After that time,

the voltage stabilizes to a

has the

been

overcome,

waveform remains sinusoidal

4

1

Guamani et al. (2026)

and phase-balanced, with an

particularly in residential or small-

scale commercial uses. The average

three-phase voltage of 506.27 V and

current of 2.69 A indicate operation

suitable for the low-voltage grid.

average amplitude close to ±3 A,

signaling stable and efficient

operation of the system in terms

of current delivery.

•

Finally, graph 8 shows the

progress of the three-phase

In addition, the balanced and sine

waveforms

demonstrate

proper

power provided.

At the

synchronization of the inverter with

the grid, satisfying power quality

standards. This ensures that the

injection does not cause harmful

beginning, a start peak is

perceived around 2000 W,

product of the coupling of the

production

photovoltaic, fuel cell and

battery). Then, the power

sources

(solar

disturbances

or

imbalances.

Although the power quantity is

restricted, its constancy and quality

corroborate its feasibility. These

types of systems, when multiplied on

a large scale, can have a significant

impact on the backup of the electrical

grid, favoring the decentralization of

the energy system and boosting

operational efficiency.

remains stable at a constant

average value close to 1300 W,

which demonstrates the ability of

the system to ensure a constant

power supply to the grid.

To measure the behavior of the

system for each of the key variables,

the following table 5 was created. It

lists the highest, lowest and a stable

average (calculated as the average

of the most recent simulated data) for

three-phase voltage (V), current (A)

and power (W).

TABLE V. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

Variable Maximum Minimum Steady

State

Average

Voltaje

V)

Current 3.01 A

A)

Power

W)

563.19 V

-561.00 V 506.27 V

(

-3.00 A

2.69 A

(

2000.21

W

-39.96 W

1308.58

W

(

With the results achieved, it is

technically feasible to supply power

to the grid. The average active

power of 1308.58 W, although low, is

a valuable contribution in the

framework of distributed generation,

4

2

Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249

Emulation of a hybrid micro-generation with storage system and grid injection.

6

. Conclusions

into an effective answer to backing

up the traditional power grid with

clean and stable energy.

The simulation performed shows that

the suggested hybrid system is

Although the simulated system

provides an average power of

technically

and

operationally

effective for the production and

distribution of electrical energy. The

model manages to effectively merge

a photovoltaic source, a fuel tank and

a storage system, ensuring stability

in the fundamental variables:

voltage, current and power. Stable

operation, after a short transient

period, corroborates the system's

response to typical load situations.

Additionally, the balanced and

sinusoidal waveforms confirm the

synchronization of the inverter with

the grid. This suggests that the

system is suitable for real distribution

generation applications.

1308.58 W, its relevance lies in its

ability to be scalable. This type of

distributed generation, in residential

or commercial situations, can reduce

the need for centralized sources and

minimize

transmission

losses.

Additionally, the incorporation of

storage enables greater energy

independence and storage capacity.

The system, replicated in several

units, could contribute significantly to

the electric grid, promoting

a

sustainable energy transition. Thus,

the model constitutes a strong

foundation for future applications of

hybrid microgrids in urban or rural

areas.

The findings from the graphs show

that the quality of the power

produced meets the criteria required

for supply to the grid. The stable

three-phase voltage around 506 V

and the balanced currents around

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